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Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京;
pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in
eastern China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having
been the capital of China on several occasions. Its present name means
"Southern Capital" and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking
until the pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as
the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman
alphabet.
The Japanese awaited an answer to their demand for surrender but no response
was received from the Chinese by the deadline on December 10. General Matsui Iwane waited another hour before issuing
the command to take Nanking by force. The Japanese army mounted its assault on
the Nanking walls from multiple directions; the SEF’s 16th Division attacked
three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its
offensive on the western walls, and the SEF’s 9th Division advanced into the
area in-between.
On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General
Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat. What followed was nothing short of chaos. Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.
On 13 December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of the Japanese Army were the
first to enter the city, facing little military resistance. Simultaneously, the
9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the
Zhongshan and Taiping gates. That same afternoon, two small Japanese
Navy fleets arrived on both sides of the Yangtze River.
was received from the Chinese by the deadline on December 10. General Matsui Iwane waited another hour before issuing
the command to take Nanking by force. The Japanese army mounted its assault on
the Nanking walls from multiple directions; the SEF’s 16th Division attacked
three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its
offensive on the western walls, and the SEF’s 9th Division advanced into the
area in-between.
On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General
Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat. What followed was nothing short of chaos. Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.
On 13 December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of the Japanese Army were the
first to enter the city, facing little military resistance. Simultaneously, the
9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the
Zhongshan and Taiping gates. That same afternoon, two small Japanese
Navy fleets arrived on both sides of the Yangtze River.